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Lecture 9

The Gaseous State

Shaun Williams, PhD

The Behavior of Gases

Properties of Gas Molecules

Effect of Temperature and Density

The molecules in a cool gas are closer together and moving slower that the gas molecules of a gas at a higher temperature.

Physical Effect of Temperature and Density

As the gas in a hot air balloon is heated, its density drops cause it to float in the cooler surrounding air.

Pressure

  • Is amount of force applied per unit area \[ P=\frac{\chem{force}}{\chem{area}} \]
  • For a gas in a container: \[ P=\frac{\text{force of gas particles}}{\text{area of container}} \]
A picture of a person checking the pressure in a car tire. At higher pressure more gas particles are colliding with the container walls more often than in a lower pressure gas.

Crushing a Can

By removing the air inside a can, the air pressure around the can is strong enough to crush the can.

Pressure

  • Pressure is measured using a barometer.
  • Units of pressure
    • \( 1\, atm = 760\, mm\, Hg \) (mm Hg and torr are the same)
    • \( 1\, atm = 14.7\,\bfrac{lb}{in^2} \) (psi)
    • \( 1\, atm = 101325\, Pa \)
An image of a barometer showing air pressure pushing the mercury up the glass tube.

Factors That Affect the Properties of Gases

  • Volume
    • Measured in liters (L)
  • Pressure
    • Measured in atmospheres (atm)
  • Temperature
    • Measured in Kelvin (K)
  • Amount of particles
    • Measured in moles
  • An ideal gas is a gas that behaves according to predicted linear relationships
A picture of a helium balloon carrying a box into the air.

Volume vs. Pressure

An image showing that when a gas is compressed into a smaller volume, the molecules get closer together so the pressure goes up.

Boyle's Law

  • For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, volume varies inversely with pressure. \[ V \propto \frac{1}{P} \] \[ P_1V_1 = P_2V_2 \]
  • As volume increases, pressure decreases.
A plot of volume versus pressure. A plot of volume versus 1/pressure showing a linear behavior.

Volume vs. Temperature

A picture showing that when liquid nitrogen is poured on a balloon the volume of the balloon decreases.

Charles' Law

  • For a given mass of gas at constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to temperature on an absolute (kelvin) scale. \[ T_K=T_{{}^\circ C} + 273.15 \] \[ V \propto T_K \] \[ \frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2} \]
  • As volume increases, temperature increases.
A plot of volume versus temperature in kelvin showing a linear trend.

Combined Gas Law

Combining Volumes

An image of 2 volumes of hydrogen gas reacting with 1 volume of oxygen gas forming 2 volumes of water vapor.

Avogadro's Hypothesis

  • The volume occupied by a gas at a given temperature and pressure is directly proportional to the number of gas particles and thus to the moles of gas. \[ V \propto n \] \[ \frac{V_1}{n_1} = \frac{V_2}{n_2} \]
  • As volume increases, the moles of gas increase.
A plot of volume versus moles showing a linear trend.

Avogadro's Hypothesis (cont.)

Summary of The Gas Laws

The Ideal Gas Law

Density of a Gas

\[ \text{Density}=\frac{\text{mass}}{\text{volume}} \]

Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures

  • Gases in a mixture behave independently and exert the same pressure they would exert if they were in a container alone. \[ P_\text{total} = P_A+P_B+P_C+\cdots \] \[ P_\text{total} = P_\text{dry air} + P_\text{water} \]
An image of gases being generated in a test tube flowing through a connected tube and bubbling into an inverted bottle full of water.

Vapor Pressure of Water at Various Temperatures

Temperature (\({}^\circ C\)) Vapor Pressure (torr) Temperature (\({}^\circ C\)) Vapor Pressure (torr)
0 4.6 28 28.3
5 6.5 29 30.0
10 9.2 30 31.8
15 12.8 35 42.2
16 13.6 40 55.3
17 14.5 45 71.9
18 15.5 50 92.5
19 16.5 60 149.4
20 17.5 70 233.7
21 18.6 80 355.1
22 19.8 90 525.8
23 21.1 100 760.0
24 22.4 110 1074.6
25 23.8 150 3570.5
26 25.2 200 11659.2
27 26.7 300 64432.8

Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases (cont.)

Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases (cont. again)

Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases (concluded)

The 5th Postulate

Plots of the velocities of gas particles at two different temperatures. At the hotter temperature the curve has broadened out and shifted to higher velocities.

Effect of the Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

A picture of the chaotic nature of gas particles that give rise to the random shapes of clouds.

Diffusion

A gas tube with ammonia at one end and hydrochloric acid at the other. The vapors from these two compounds meet closer to the HCl end to form a small ring of ammonium chloride.

Effusion

  • The passage of a gas through a small opening.
  • Smaller particles effuse faster than larger ones.
An image of gases particles colliding with a wall containing a tiny hole. Because the hole is so small, most gas particles are unable to get through it.

Gases and Chemical Reactions

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